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VOGEL通用控制器#VOGEL內部控制器#VOGEL福鳥控制器

 德國VOGEL福鳥控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)是(shi)按照(zhao)預定順序(xu)(xu)改變主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)或(huo)(huo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)接線和改變電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)阻值來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)啟(qi)動、調速(su)、制(zhi)動和反向的(de)主(zhu)令裝(zhuang)置。VOGEL控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)分(fen)組(zu)合(he)邏輯(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)和微程序(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，兩種控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)各有長(chang)處(chu)和短(duan)處(chu)。組(zu)合(he)邏輯(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)設計麻煩，結構復雜，一旦設計完成，就不能再(zai)修(xiu)改或(huo)(huo)擴充，但它(ta)的(de)速(su)度快。微程序(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)設計方(fang)(fang)便，結構簡單(dan)，修(xiu)改或(huo)(huo)擴充都方(fang)(fang)便，修(xiu)改一條機(ji)(ji)器(qi)指令的(de)功(gong)能，只需重(zhong)編所(suo)對(dui)應的(de)微程序(xu)(xu)。

工作原理

　　有兩種由于設計方法不(bu)(bu)同因而結(jie)構也不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)。微操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)是指不(bu)(bu)可(ke)再分解的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，進(jin)行(xing)微操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)總是需要相應的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)信號（稱(cheng)為微操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)信號或微操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)命令(ling)）。一臺(tai)數字計算機基本(ben)上(shang)可(ke)以(yi)劃分為兩大(da)部分---控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)部件(jian)(jian)和執(zhi)行(xing)部件(jian)(jian)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)就是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)部件(jian)(jian)，而運(yun)算器(qi)、存儲器(qi)、外圍設備相對控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)來說(shuo)就是執(zhi)行(xing)部件(jian)(jian)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)部件(jian)(jian)與執(zhi)行(xing)部件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一種就是通(tong)過控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)線。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)部件(jian)(jian)通(tong)過控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)線向執(zhi)行(xing)部件(jian)(jian)發出各種控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)命令(ling)，通(tong)常(chang)這(zhe)種控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)命令(ling)叫做微命令(ling)，而執(zhi)行(xing)部件(jian)(jian)接受微命令(ling)后所執(zhi)行(xing)的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)就叫做微操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)。

　　控制部件(jian)與(yu)執(zhi)行部件(jian)之(zhi)間的另一種就是反饋信息。執(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件通過反饋線向(xiang)控制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件反映操(cao)作(zuo)情況，以(yi)便使得控制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件根據執(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件的狀(zhuang)態(tai)來下達新的微命令，這也叫做“狀(zhuang)態(tai)測試(shi)”。微操(cao)作(zuo)在(zai)執(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件中是組(zu)基本的操(cao)作(zuo)。由于數據通路(lu)的結構關系，微操(cao)作(zuo)可分為

　　相容性和(he)相斥性兩(liang)種。在機器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個CPU周期中，一(yi)(yi)組實(shi)現一(yi)(yi)定操(cao)作功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)命令(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，構成一(yi)(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)。一(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)格(ge)式由(you)操(cao)作控(kong)制(zhi)和(he)順(shun)序控(kong)制(zhi)兩(liang)部分(fen)(fen)構成。操(cao)作控(kong)制(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)用來(lai)發出(chu)管理(li)和(he)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)揮全機工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)信號(hao)。其順(shun)序控(kong)制(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)用來(lai)決定產生下(xia)一(yi)(yi)個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地址(zhi)。事實(shi)上一(yi)(yi)條機器(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)由(you)許多(duo)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)序列(lie)來(lai)實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)序列(lie)通常叫做微(wei)(wei)程序。既然微(wei)(wei)程序是(shi)有微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，那么當(dang)執行(xing)當(dang)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)。必須指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)后(hou)繼微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地址(zhi)，以便當(dang)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)執行(xing)完畢以后(hou)，取下(xia)一(yi)(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)執行(xing)。

VOGEL通用控制器#VOGEL內部控制器#VOGEL福鳥控制器

VOGEL通用控制器#VOGEL內部控制器#VOGEL福鳥控制器

微程序控制的基本思路

　　微(wei)程序控制(zhi)（簡稱微(wei)碼(ma)控制(zhi)）的基本思路是：用微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)產(chan)生微(wei)操作(zuo)命令(ling)(ling)(ling)，用若干條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)組成(cheng)一段(duan)(duan)(duan)微(wei)程序實(shi)現(xian)一條(tiao)機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)的功能（為(wei)了加以(yi)區別，將前面所講(jiang)的指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)稱為(wei)機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)）。設(she)機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)M執行時(shi)需要(yao)三(san)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，每(mei)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)需要(yao)發出如下(xia)(xia)命令(ling)(ling)(ling)：階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)一發送(song)(song)K1、K8命令(ling)(ling)(ling)，階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)二(er)發送(song)(song)K0、K2、K3、K4命令(ling)(ling)(ling)，階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)三(san)發送(song)(song)K9命令(ling)(ling)(ling)。當(dang)將*條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)送(song)(song)到(dao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)，微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的K1和K8為(wei)1，即發出K1和K8命令(ling)(ling)(ling)，該微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出下(xia)(xia)一條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)地址(zhi)為(wei)00101，從(cong)中取(qu)出第(di)二(er)條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)，送(song)(song)到(dao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)將發出K0、K2、K3、K4命令(ling)(ling)(ling)，接(jie)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)是取(qu)第(di)三(san)條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)，發K9命令(ling)(ling)(ling)。

微程序控制器的組成

　　（1）控制存儲器（contmlMemory）用(yong)(yong)來存放各機器指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)。譯(yi)碼器用(yong)(yong)來形成(cheng)機器指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)的(de)入口地址。當將一條機器指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)的(de)各條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)逐條取出，并(bing)送到微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)寄存器時，其(qi)微(wei)(wei)操作命(ming)令(ling)(ling)也(ye)就按(an)事先的(de)設計發出，因而也(ye)就完成(cheng)了(le)一條機器指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)功能(neng)。對(dui)每一條機器指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)都

　　　　是如(ru)此(ci)。（2）微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)的(de)寬度直接決定了微(wei)(wei)程序控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)寬度。為(wei)了簡化控(kong)制(zhi)存儲器(qi)，可采(cai)取(qu)一些措(cuo)施來縮(suo)短微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)的(de)寬度。如(ru)采(cai)用字(zi)(zi)段(duan)譯碼法一級分段(duan)譯碼。顯然，微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)字(zi)(zi)段(duan)將(jiang)大大縮(suo)短。，一些要同(tong)時產生的(de)微(wei)(wei)操作命令(ling)不(bu)能安排在同(tong)一個字(zi)(zi)段(duan)中。為(wei)了進一步縮(suo)短控(kong)制(zhi)字(zi)(zi)段(duan)，還可以將(jiang)字(zi)(zi)段(duan)譯碼設計(ji)成兩級或多級。